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THEME: INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS, DECARBONIZATION, AND THE ENERGY TRANSITION The industrial sector accounts for one third of the U.S. primary energy use, so the energy transition presents enormous opportunities and risks for this sector. Industrial competitiveness is going to depend on continued investments in innovation, efficiency, and decarbonization. Research and development have always been a national strength. The transition also requires innovation in business models across the energy spectrum. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab estimates that only 50% of industrial energy is